| The Horse's Mouth
Decidious (Baby Teeth)
Common Dental Problems
Recognizing Dental Problems
Preventative Maintenance
Dental Care
Wolf Teeth
The Age Factor
Developing Greater Awareness
More Serious Dental Ailments
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Routine dental care is essential to your horse’s health. Periodic examination, corrections and regular maintenance, are especially necessary for a number of reasons:
• We have modified the horse’s diet and eating patterns through domestication and confinement.
• We demand more from our performance horses, beginning at a younger age than ever before.
• We often select breeding animals without regard to dental considerations. Proper dental care has its rewards. Your horse will be more comfortable, will utilize feed more efficiently, may perform better, and may even live longer.
THE HORSE’S MOUTH
Horses are grazing animals, and their teeth are perfectly adapted for that purpose. The forward teeth, known as incisors, function to shear off forage. The cheek teeth, including the molars and premolars with their wide, flat, graveled surfaces, easily grind the feed to a mash before it is swallowed. Like humans, horses get two sets of teeth in their lifetime. The baby teeth, called deciduous teeth, are temporary. The first deciduous incisors may erupt before the foal is born. The last deciduous teeth come in when the horse is about 8 months of age. Only the incisors and the first three cheek teeth have deciduous precursors to the permanent ones. These teeth begin to be replaced by adult teeth around 21/2 years of age. By age 5, most horses have their full complement of permanent teeth. An adult male horse has 40 permanent teeth. A mare may have between 36-40, because mares are less likely to have canine (bridle) teeth. The following chart shows the approximate ages at which different teeth are first visible in the mouth (erupt). By referring to it, you may detect potential abnormalities of your own horse associated with teething. For more information, refer to the Official Guide for Determining the Age of the Horse, published by the American Association of Equine Practitioners. It should be noted that there can be significant variation in when teeth come in between individuals and breeds.
Deciduous (Baby Teeth) Back to Top
1st incisors (centrals) Birth or 1st week 2nd incisors (intermediates) 4-6 weeks 3rd incisors (corners) 6-9 months 1st, 2nd, & 3rd premolars Birth or first (cheek teeth) 2 weeks for all premolars Permanent (Adult Teeth) 1st incisors (centrals) 21/2 years 2nd incisors (intermediates) 31/2 years 3rd incisors (corners) 41/2 years Canines (bridle) 4-5 years Wolf teeth (1st premolars) 5-6 months 2nd premolars (1st cheek teeth) 21/2 years 3rd premolars (2nd cheek teeth) 3 years 4th premolars (3rd cheek teeth) 4 years 1st molars (4th cheek teeth) 9-12 months 2nd molars (5th cheek teeth) 2 years 3rd molars (6th cheek teeth) 31/2 - 4 years
COMMON DENTAL PROBLEMS Back to Top
Horses may suffer from many dental problems. The most common include:
• Sharp enamel points forming on cheek teeth, causing lacerations of cheeks and tongue
• Retained caps (deciduous teeth that are not shed)
• Discomfort caused by bit contact with the wolf teeth
• Hooks forming on the upper and lower cheek teeth
• Long and/or sharp canine (bridle) teeth interfering with the insertion or removal of the bit
• Lost and/or broken teeth
• Abnormal or uneven bite planes • Excessively worn teeth
• Abnormally long teeth
• Infected teeth and/or gums
• Misalignment/poor apposition (can be due to congenital defects or injury)
• Periodontal (gum) disease
RECOGNIZING DENTAL PROBLEMS Back to Top
Horses with dental problems may show obvious signs, such as pain or irritation, or they may show no noticeable signs at all. This is due to the fact that some horses simply adapt to their discomfort. For this reason, periodic dental examinations are essential. Indicators of dental problems include:
• Loss of feed from mouth while eating, difficulty with chewing, or excessive salivation
• Loss of body condition
• Large or undigested feed particles (long stems or whole grain) in manure
• Head tilting or tossing, bit chewing, tongue lolling, fighting the bit, or resisting bridling
• Poor performance, such as lugging on the bridle, failing to turn or stop, even bucking • Foul odor from mouth or nostrils, or traces of blood from the mouth
• Nasal discharge or swelling of the face, jaw, or mouth tissues
• Oral exams should be an essential part of an annual physical examination by a veterinarian. Every dental exam provides the opportunity to perform routine preventative dental maintenance. The end result is a healthier, more comfortable horse.
PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE Back to Top
Routine maintenance of a horse’s teeth has been historically referred to as “floating.” Floating removes the sharp enamel points and can help create a more even bite plane. Routine examination and maintenance should also include identification and correction of any abnormalities such as those listed previously under “Common Dental Problems.” When turned out on pasture, horses browse almost continuously, picking up dirt and grit in the process. This, plus the silicate in grass, wears down the teeth. Stabled horses, however, may not give their teeth the same workout. Feedings are more apt to be scheduled, not continuous, and to include processed grains and hays. Softer feeds require less chewing. This may allow the horse’s teeth to become excessively long or to wear unevenly. Adult horse’s teeth erupt throughout their life and are worn off by chewing. Unfortunately, cheek teeth tend to develop sharp enamel points even under normal grazing conditions. Because the horse’s lower jaw is narrower than its upper jaw and the horse grinds its feed with a sideways motion, sharp points tend to form along the edges. Points form on the cheek side of the upper teeth
DENTAL CARE Back to Top
The Importance of Maintaining the Health of Your Horse’s Mouth and the tongue side of the lower teeth. These points should be rasped to prevent them from cutting the cheeks and tongue. Routine maintenance is especially important in horses who have lost a tooth, or whose teeth are in poor apposition and do not fit together well. Normally, contact with the apposing tooth keeps biting surfaces equal. When cheek teeth are out of alignment, hooks can form. If left unchecked, these hooks can become long enough to penetrate the hard or soft palate. Small hooks can be removed with rasps. Longer hooks are usually removed with molar cutters or a dental chisel.
WOLF TEETH Back to Top
olf teeth are very small teeth located in front of the second premolar and do not have long roots that set them firmly in the jaw bone. They rarely appear in the lower jaw. A horse may have one to four wolf teeth, or none at all. While not all wolf teeth are troublesome, veterinarians routinely remove them to prevent pain or interference from a bit.
THE AGE FACTOR Back to Top
The age of a horse affects the degree of attention and frequency of dental care required. Consider these points:
• Horses going into training for the first time, especially 2- and 3-year-olds, need a comprehensive dental check-up. Teeth should be floated to remove any sharp points and checked for retained caps. Caps should be removed if they have not been shed. This should be done before training begins, to prevent training problems related to sharp teeth.
• Even yearlings have been found to have enamel points sharp enough to damage cheek and tongue tissue. Floating may improve feed efficiency and make the horse more comfortable.
• Horses 2-5 years old may require more frequent dental exams than older horses. Deciduous teeth tend to be softer than permanent teeth and may develop sharp enamel points more quickly. Also, there is an extraordinary amount of dental maturation during this period. Twenty-four teeth will be shed and replaced during this time, with the potential for 12 to 16 teeth to be erupting simultaneously. Horses in this age group should be examined twice yearly, and any necessary procedures should be performed.
• Even the best dental program may not be able to solve or alleviate all of a young horse’s teething discomfort.
• Mature horses should get a thorough dental examination at least once a year, whether or not there are signs of tooth problems.
• It is important to maintain an even bite plane during a horse’s middle teens in order to ensure a level grinding surface into its 20’s. If you wait until the horse is in its 20’s, the surfaces may be worn excessively and/or unevenly, and since the teeth are no longer erupting at this age, alignment may be impossible.
DEVELOPING GREATER AWARENESS Back to Top
• If a horse starts behaving abnormally, dental problems should be considered as a potential cause.
• Abnormalities should be corrected and teeth should be floated and maintained as indicated.
• Wolf teeth are routinely extracted from performance horses to prevent interference with the bit and its associated pain.
• Sedatives, local anesthetics, and analgesics relax the horse and keep it more comfortable during floating and other dental procedures. Such drugs should be administered only by a veterinarian.
• If your equine practitioner finds a loose tooth, he or she may choose to extract it. This may reduce the chance of infection or other problems.
• Canine teeth, generally present in mature geldings and stallions and sometimes mares, are usually clipped and filed smooth to prevent interference with the bit. This also reduces the possibility of injury to both horse and human.
• Depending on the condition of your horse’s teeth, more than one visit from your equine practitioner may be required to get the mouth in prime working order.
• It is important to catch dental problems early. Waiting too long may increase the difficulty of remedying certain conditions or may even make remedy impossible.
• Older horses should have their teeth examined at least once yearly or as recommended by your equine veterinarian.
MORE SERIOUS DENTAL AILMENTS Back to Top
Serious dental conditions can develop, such as infections of the teeth and gums, extremely long hooks on the molars, lost or fractured teeth, and others. These conditions may require surgical treatment and/or extraction by a qualified veterinarian. Your equine practitioner can recommend the best treatment or refer your horse to a specialist if indicated.
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Bayer Corporation, Animal Health,